 |
| Woodcut of the Execution of the Earl of Essex. |
In this series:
- The Essex Rebellion and the Earl of Southampton.
- The Secret Correspondence of Robert Cecil and James I.
- Who Saved Southampton from the Ax?
On February 8th, 1600/1, a panicky Earl of Essex sallied out of Essex House, in London, with his allies and 300 men, to make a desperate attempt at rallying the citizens of London to his banner. For months he had been smoldering over his fall from grace with Queen Elizabeth I. His reaction was petulant, his fantasies treasonous.
When
Elizabeth appointed the heroic Essex to bring fractious Ireland into submission
to her crown, he marched off, to the applause of all of London, oblivious to
the enormous difficulty of the task.
Soon after arriving, he came to believe that the means were not
available to force subjection. Forbidden
to return to England to discuss matters with the queen, he returned anyway,
thinking to conquer her heart rather than Ireland, and barged into her private
dressing room unannounced. It was an
unforgivable breach.
That
Essex would gamble so wildly was consistent with a lifetime of poor
decisions. His personal instability went
much further than could generally be assigned to a young Earl. Associated in the Queen’s heart with her
beloved Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, who died in 1588, he had been
especially spoiled. The two were on
intimate terms. He knew how to play upon
the aged queen’s vanity.
He would
never return to favored status again. He
had been blatantly insubordinate. His
offices and royal grants were withdrawn piecemeal in a fashion to deal him
shock after shock. His pride would not
let him seek restoration for long through patience and humility.
As the
Earl gathered friends around him to whom to air his grievances, venting became
vague threats, vague threats became a specific intention to take armed control
of the Royal Court. Essex felt that he
was not overthrowing the Queen but forcing her to replace her “evil” counselor,
Robert Cecil, and other of his allies.
Among Essex’s closest friends was Henry Wriothesley, the Earl of Southampton. The two had been wards of William Cecil, Baron Burghley, during the 1580s. They shared the great house Cecil House on the Strand with the Baron’s family including his son Robert. Southampton chomped at the bit to engage in military exploits. Burghley pulled back hard on the reins and directed him toward education and social graces. Essex, the swashbuckling elder of the two, sweeping through from time to time on his way elsewhere, became the star toward which the younger man gazed with admiration. The Earl of Rutland was also a ward of Burghley at the time and seems to have tagged along mostly at a safe distance.
Among Essex’s closest friends was Henry Wriothesley, the Earl of Southampton. The two had been wards of William Cecil, Baron Burghley, during the 1580s. They shared the great house Cecil House on the Strand with the Baron’s family including his son Robert. Southampton chomped at the bit to engage in military exploits. Burghley pulled back hard on the reins and directed him toward education and social graces. Essex, the swashbuckling elder of the two, sweeping through from time to time on his way elsewhere, became the star toward which the younger man gazed with admiration. The Earl of Rutland was also a ward of Burghley at the time and seems to have tagged along mostly at a safe distance.
While
Southampton chaffed and finished his school and wardship, Essex accompanied his
step-father, Leicester, to fight in the Lowlands. He fought in Portugal and in Normandy, distinguishing
himself on all occasions. He was made a
special ambassador, a privy councilor, general of the horse in preparation for
the arrival of the Spanish Armada. He
was made a Knight of the Garter. London celebrated
him as its unrivalled hero. In short, he
was everything Southampton might dream of being.
Essex
had been hatching reckless plans long before his fall from grace with the Queen
that included the younger Southampton as his trusted lieutenant. Now, in a desperate attempt to force his way
back into power, he plotted to force the queen, by armed intervention, to name
King James VI[1],
with whom he had long been privately corresponding[2],
as her rightful heir. Southampton was
always leery but could never say no to his hero, England’s greatest
warrior. Other allies counseled
patience. Having only Southampton’s
material support Essex had to bide his time.
As Cecil did what he could to guide the country toward a peaceful transfer of power he watched Essex and others position themselves for the battles they were determined to wage. Essex’s every move was known, his every plan. Just as he planned to call the Londoners that so idolized him to arms, the next day, orders went out to the city authorities to guarantee that the citizens would remain off the streets, in their homes. The authorities shadowed his movements as he made his pathetic journey through deserted streets.
As Cecil did what he could to guide the country toward a peaceful transfer of power he watched Essex and others position themselves for the battles they were determined to wage. Essex’s every move was known, his every plan. Just as he planned to call the Londoners that so idolized him to arms, the next day, orders went out to the city authorities to guarantee that the citizens would remain off the streets, in their homes. The authorities shadowed his movements as he made his pathetic journey through deserted streets.
He was taken prisoner from Essex House later that day. Few remained with him but Southampton.
As soon as Essex had been removed from the scene, Robert Cecil began advising James, through secret, coded correspondence[3], to avoid the many unstable sorts that were so common at the English Court. Cecil knew better than anyone that James was the only viable heir and that an heir was essential to assure against internecine warfare over an empty throne.
As soon as Essex had been removed from the scene, Robert Cecil began advising James, through secret, coded correspondence[3], to avoid the many unstable sorts that were so common at the English Court. Cecil knew better than anyone that James was the only viable heir and that an heir was essential to assure against internecine warfare over an empty throne.
Both
Earls were found guilty of High Treason.
Essex went under the axe on February the 25th. He ended with a courage and humility that
Shakespeare may have noted in the play Macbeth:
King. Is execution done on Cawdor?
Or
not those in Commission yet return'd?
Malcolm. My Liege, they are not yet come
back.
But
I haue spoke with one that saw him die:
Who
did report, that very frankly hee
Confess'd
his Treasons, implored your Highnesse Pardon,
And
set forth a deepe Repentance:
Nothing
in his Life became him,
Like
the leauing it. Hee dy'de,
As
one that had beene studied in his death,
To
throw away the dearest thing he ow'd,
As
'twere a carelesse Trifle.[4]
The Earl
of Southampton is generally said to have received a reprieve. Actually, he was simply left a prisoner in
The Tower without an execution date. The
axe, as it were, was poised every minute over his head. He had no idea when it might fall.
[1] Devereux
, Walter Bourchier. Lives and Letters
of the Devereux, Earls of Essex, in the Reigns... (1853). 2.132. Bruce, John. Correspondence of King James
VI. of Scotland with Sir Robert Cecil and others (1861). xxi.
[3] Bruce, John. Correspondence of King James VI. of Scotland with Sir Robert Cecil and others (1861), 6. “Thus have I now (ex mero officio to
my Souverayne, and out of affectionate care to your Majesties future happines,
whom God hath instituted to sitt (in his dew tyme) in the chayre of state, at
the feet whereof I dayly kneele,) exposed my self to more inconvenience then
ether your Majesties former indisposition or my owne caution (in a iealous
fortune) should adventure,…”
[4] New
Variorum Edition of Shakespeare, Macbeth (1915). I.iv.4-15.
Also at Virtual Grub Street:
- The Fascinating Itinerary of the Gelosi Troupe, 1576. June 10, 2019. “The Spanish soldiers had not been paid and unpaid soldiers tend to rob and loot. The citizens were prepared to give them a fight. Violent flare ups were occurring everywhere.”
- A Thousand Years of English Terms. June 2, 2019. ‘One person did not say to another, “Meet you at three o’clock”. There was no clock to be o’. But the church bell rang the hour of Nones and you arranged to meet “upon the Nones bell”.’
- A Most Curious Account of the Funeral of Queen Elizabeth I: April 28, 1603. April 28, 2019. “Once it was clear that James I would face no serious challenges, Cecil and the others could begin to give attention to the matter of the Queen’s funeral.”
- The Battle Over Shakespeare's Early and Late Plays. September 24, 2018. “The answers to the post-Oxford dilemma, of course, are three.”
- Stratford Shakespeare’s Undersized Grave. July 22, 2018. “Mr. Coll’s considers this evidence to support an old rumor that Shakspere’s head had been stolen in 1794. But I submit that he is merely making his observation based upon a coincidence.”
- Check out the English Renaissance Article Index for many more articles and reviews about this fascinating time and about the Shakespeare Authorship Question.
No comments:
Post a Comment